August 25, 2025
A comprehensive comparison of cementitious grout flowability standards between China’s GB/T 50448-2015 and ASTM C 939.
At a Glance:
Understand international vs Chinese grout testing standards
Clear comparison of flow cone time and flow spread/slump-flow methods
Application-specific guidance for Type I–IV grouts
Optimized for engineers, contractors, and construction material suppliers
Cementitious grout flowability is a critical performance indicator in construction, affecting pumpability, placement, and structural reliability. Different regions adopt distinct standards: ASTM C 939 (widely used internationally) measures flowability through efflux time, while GB/T 50448-2015 (China) introduces both flow cone time and spread-based methods (truncated cone and slump-flow) for different grout types. This article provides a detailed comparison, highlighting technical differences and practical implications for engineers and material suppliers.
| Grout Type | Standard | Test Method | Flowability Index | Initial Value | 30-min Retention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type I | GB/T 50448 / ASTM C 939 | Flow cone | Efflux time (s) | ≤ 60 | ≤ 90 |
| Type II | GB/T 50448 | Truncated cone | Spread (mm) | ≥ 340 | ≥ 310 |
| Type III | GB/T 50448 | Truncated cone | Spread (mm) | ≥ 290 | ≥ 260 |
| Type IV | GB/T 50448 | Slump-flow | Diameter (mm) | ≥ 650 | ≥ 550 |
Type I Grouts: For precision grouting, self-leveling applications.
Type II Grouts: Baseplate grouting with medium workability.
Type III Grouts: Pressure grouting and injection into voids/cracks.
Type IV Grouts: Mass casting, structural repair, or special durability projects.
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